The method of installing photovoltaic modules on different roofs also varies, and common installation methods include additional, ballast, and pile foundation types.

如果屋顶属于彩钢瓦型式，一般都考虑附加型，直接将组件平铺在彩钢瓦上，尤其是一般彩钢瓦屋顶都没有女儿墙，采用平铺的型式防风效果好，为安全；另外彩钢瓦屋顶也有一定的倾角，虽然可能不是光伏发电对应的佳倾角，但加大倾角带来的改造成本也是需要综合考量的。

If the roof belongs to the color steel tile type, the additional type is generally considered, and the components are directly laid on the color steel tile. In particular, the general color steel tile roof has no parapet, and the flat type is the best and safest for wind protection; In addition, the color steel tile roof also has a certain inclination angle. Although it may not be the optimal inclination angle for photovoltaic power generation, the renovation cost brought about by increasing the inclination angle also needs to be comprehensively considered.

对于水泥屋顶，通常是纯平，常见的安装方式是压载型和混凝土基础桩基型，如上图所示。

For cement roofs, they are usually flat, and the common installation methods are ballast type and concrete foundation pile foundation type, as shown in the above figure.

很多时候，建筑物业主不允许在混凝土平屋顶上钻孔，一方面是担心老建筑的强度，或者是不想改变屋顶的防水性能。这就是选择压载型或混凝土基础安装的原因。

Many times, building owners are not allowed to drill holes on concrete flat roofs, either because they are concerned about the strength of the old building or because they do not want to change the waterproof performance of the roof. This is the reason for choosing ballast type or concrete foundation installation.

压载型由于没有和屋顶做锚固连接，因此侧面可以考虑做防风处理，尤其是没有女儿墙的水泥屋顶。

Since the ballast type is not anchored to the roof, wind proof treatment can be considered for the side, especially for the cement roof without parapet.

混凝土基座的主要目的是确保即使在暴风雨季节，支架系统也能保持完好无损。它保证了良好的安装而不会导致屋顶漏水，还可以提高太阳能电池组件的效率，减少女儿墙对阳光的遮挡。

The main purpose of the concrete foundation is to ensure that the support system remains intact even during stormy seasons. It ensures good installation without causing water leakage on the roof, improves the efficiency of solar cell modules, and reduces the parapet's blocking of sunlight.

平屋顶不代表平铺安装

Flat roof does not mean flat installation

在平屋顶上采用平铺方式安装光伏组件，似乎是想当然的方式，不仅安装量/面积可以大化，还有可能将光伏作为屋顶顶棚使用，增加空间面积。

Installing photovoltaic modules on a flat roof using a tiled approach seems to be the most natural approach, as it not only maximizes the installation volume/area, but also potentially uses photovoltaic panels as roof ceilings to increase space area.

但事实上，在平屋顶上安装光伏，并不意味着您还应该将其倾斜度设置为0度，我们需要考虑很多因素，应避免平装，包括：

But in fact, installing photovoltaic on a flat roof does not mean that you should also set its inclination to 0 degrees. We need to consider many factors and avoid flat installation, including:

平铺组件容易积灰，积灰可能造成10％甚至30%的发电量损失；

Flat components are prone to dust accumulation, which may cause a 10% or even 30% loss of power generation;

清洗更不方便，积水不易流出；可能无法靠自然降雨来去除积灰；

Cleaning is more inconvenient, and accumulated water is not easy to flow out; It may not be possible to rely on natural rainfall to remove accumulated ash;

与倾斜安装相比，发电量将减少；投资回报期将更长；

Compared to inclined installation, the power generation will be reduced; The investment return period will be longer;

倾斜安装和纯平铺的光伏阵列发电量会有明显的不同，通过对一个11.2kWp太阳能系统进行仿真模拟，倾角分别为10度、5度和0度。

There will be significant differences in the power generation between tilted and flat photovoltaic arrays. Through simulation of an 11.2kWp solar system, the tilt angles are 10 degrees, 5 degrees, and 0 degrees, respectively.

仿真结果表明，如果倾角为0度，则11.2kWp系统年发电量约为13,480.3kWh，而在5度倾角下，该系统一年发电量达到14,066.9kWh。而事实上，当倾角为10度时，该系统年发电量达到14,520kWh。

The simulation results show that if the inclination angle is 0 degrees, the annual power generation of the 11.2kWp system is about 13480.3kWh, while at a 5 degree inclination angle, the annual power generation of the system reaches 14066.9kWh. In fact, when the inclination angle is 10 degrees, the annual power generation of the system reaches 14520kWh.

从结果中可以看出，每增加5度，系统每年增加500kWh的发电量（15度后，增加量会明显减少，超过佳倾角后反而会更低）。而且，上述仿真模拟还没有考虑低倾角安装时由于积灰而造成的发电量损失。

From the results, it can be seen that for every 5 degree increase, the system generates an annual increase of 500kWh of electricity (after 15 degrees, the increase will significantly decrease, but after exceeding the optimal inclination angle, it will actually be lower). Moreover, the above simulation has not yet taken into account the power generation loss caused by ash accumulation during low inclination installation.

建议如果不愿意采用佳倾角来安装的话，安装倾角尽可能还是高一些。如果必须平铺，建议也将倾角设计在5-10度之间。对于平屋顶来说，5-10度的角度也已经足够平了，而对于彩钢瓦屋顶来说，一般都会留有3度以上的角度，相比增加倾角的额外成本来说，顺其自然、随坡就势也是很好的选择。

It is recommended that if you are not willing to use the optimal inclination angle for installation, the installation inclination angle should be as high as possible. If it is necessary to lay flat, it is recommended to also design the inclination angle between 5 and 10 degrees. For flat roofs, an angle of 5-10 degrees is already sufficient, while for colored steel tile roofs, an angle of more than 3 degrees is generally left. Compared to the additional cost of increasing the inclination angle, letting nature take its course and following the slope is also a good choice.

平屋顶安装必须考虑风速

Flat roof installation must consider wind speed

在太阳能系统的设计阶段，必须考虑当地可能出现的大风速，尤其是在风速超过每小时180公里的地区。

In the design phase of solar systems, it is necessary to consider the maximum wind speed that may occur locally, especially in areas with wind speeds exceeding 180 kilometers per hour.

不是五年一遇，十年一遇，光伏系统的寿命是25年，必须考虑50年一遇！

Not once every five years, once every ten years. The lifespan of the photovoltaic system is 25 years, and a once every 50 years must be considered!

年4月底发生在江苏南通的台风，活生生地将屋顶的太阳能光伏、太阳能热水器都吹到了地上，台风期间造成十多人死亡，50年一遇毫不夸张。

The typhoon that occurred in Nantong, Jiangsu at the end of April of the year, vividly blew the solar photovoltaic and solar water heaters on the roof to the ground. During the typhoon, it caused more than ten deaths, and it is no exaggeration to have a once-in-50 event.

普通的平屋顶太阳能发电系统可以承受160 km / h（十三级台风）的风速，但如果没有女儿墙挡风，阵列间没有考虑防风，局部区域因气流而造成的瞬间风速会远远超过实际的风速。

The ordinary flat roof solar power generation system can withstand the wind speed of 160 km/h (Level 13 typhoon), but if there is no parapet for wind protection, and no wind protection is considered between arrays, the instantaneous wind speed caused by airflow in local areas will be far more than the actual wind speed.

这时候对于支架的选型、结构设计、压载或混凝土基础强度设计必须依赖机构的建议，即便是彩钢瓦屋顶的平铺，也要有科学的分析。

At this point, the selection of brackets, structural design, ballast or concrete foundation strength design must rely on the advice of professional institutions, even for the flat laying of colored steel tile roofs, there must be scientific analysis.

平屋顶安装的漏水风险

Risk of water leakage during flat roof installation

积水在平屋顶上很常见。由于屋顶是平坦的，所以水无处可去，或者说排水变慢，在屋顶停留的时间会边长，因此，任何屋顶上的缝隙、孔洞都会变成积水的停留处。

Water accumulation on flat roofs is common. Due to the flat roof, there is no place for water to go, or the drainage slows down, and the time spent on the roof will be longer. Therefore, any gaps or holes in the roof will become a place for stagnant water to stay.

此时，安装了光伏系统的平屋顶，由于支架安装和混凝土桩基安装时可能造成的防水层破坏，就成为平屋顶光伏大的漏水风险。

At this point, the flat roof with photovoltaic systems installed, due to the possible damage to the waterproof layer caused by bracket installation and concrete pile foundation installation, becomes the biggest risk of water leakage for flat roof photovoltaic systems.

如果是彩钢瓦屋顶，采用夹具安装要比在彩钢瓦上打孔要好；如果彩钢瓦不适合用夹具连接，采用结构胶粘结也是一种选择，浙江凌志有机硅就有相关的解决方案；如果必须打孔，需要确保所有孔都能正确密封以防水。

If it is a colored steel tile roof, using fixtures for installation is better than drilling holes on the colored steel tile; If colored steel tiles are not suitable for connecting with fixtures, using structural adhesive bonding is also an option. Zhejiang Lingzhi Organic Silicon has relevant solutions; If drilling is necessary, it is necessary to ensure that all holes are properly sealed for waterproofing.

需要考虑平屋顶上的机械单元

Mechanical units on flat roofs need to be considered

在水泥平屋顶上设计和安装光伏的挑战之一是现有建筑楼顶的各类机械装置，如室外空调机组、排水管、排气扇、通风设施、水箱、栏杆、屋顶结构、暖通系统和水管等等。

One of the challenges in designing and installing photovoltaic systems on cement flat roofs is the various mechanical devices on existing building roofs, such as outdoor air conditioning units, drainage pipes, exhaust fans, ventilation facilities, water tanks, railings, roof structures, HVAC systems, and water pipes.

这些已有的设备，不仅影响了屋顶光伏的布局，影响了系支架间距和排列，还可能对光伏阵列产生阴影遮挡，或是影响到日后的运维。

These existing devices not only affect the layout of rooftop photovoltaics, the spacing and arrangement of support brackets, but may also create shadow blocking on the photovoltaic array or affect future operations and maintenance.

有的设计人员会考虑在这些设施上方加装光伏，为设施遮风挡雨，但由此带来的另一个问题是高度设计要求和防风要求，以及运维的困难。

Some designers may consider installing photovoltaics above these facilities to provide shelter from wind and rain, but another issue that arises is the height design requirements and wind protection requirements, as well as the difficulty of operation and maintenance.

对于屋顶设施，只能因地制宜地开展设计，但这是屋顶光伏无法回避，必须重视的问题。

For rooftop facilities, design can only be carried out according to local conditions, but this is an issue that cannot be avoided by rooftop photovoltaics and must be taken seriously.

屋顶平铺组件的增发

Additional issuance of roof tile components

一般没有绝对0度角的平铺安装，但低倾角确实是不能回避的问题，即便是水泥屋顶也会有这样的需求，对于屋顶平铺光伏，优化设计后仍然可以获得佳发电能力，这可以通过不同的方式来完成。

Generally, there is no absolute 0 degree angle for flat installation, but low inclination is indeed an unavoidable problem. Even cement roofs have such a demand. For flat photovoltaic roofs, optimized design can still achieve the best power generation capacity, which can be achieved through different methods.

方法1：在平铺的情况下尽可能做出一定的倾角，不一定追求佳倾角，尤其是大于15度倾角时，需要慎重考虑屋顶的防风问题（倾角越大，受风的影响越大）。通常若能做到5-10度就已经足够。同时面向佳朝向。

Method 1: When laying flat, try to make a certain inclination angle as much as possible, not necessarily pursuing the best inclination angle, especially when the inclination angle is greater than 15 degrees. It is necessary to carefully consider the wind protection of the roof (the larger the inclination angle, the greater the impact of wind). Usually, it is sufficient to achieve 5-10 degrees. Simultaneously facing the best orientation.

方法2：对于倾角很低的近似平铺组件，在上下两排组件之间留有间隙，以便让组件表面的水能流出组件表面，而不是累积到下一块组件。这对于设计为顶棚的光伏阵列是一个额外要求，因为顶棚就是为了挡雨，可以考虑组件之间加装排水槽来实现（这种方案目前在阳光房光伏应用中已很普遍，工商业屋顶可以作为参考）。

Method 2: For approximately flat components with a low inclination angle, leave a gap between the upper and lower rows of components to allow water on the surface of the component to flow out of the component surface instead of accumulating onto the next component. This is an additional requirement for photovoltaic arrays designed as a ceiling, as the ceiling is designed to block rain. It can be considered to install drainage channels between components to achieve this (this solution is currently very common in solar room photovoltaic applications, and industrial and commercial roofs can be used as a reference).

方法3：对于低倾角屋顶光伏组件，加装一种被称为自动排水除泥器的产品，彻底消除3-15度倾角的光伏组件表面积水、积灰。由于是屋顶顶棚应用，后期爬上去运维多有不便，排水除泥器的选型要考虑到后期运维，如采用高效、长寿命的材质，避免塑料产品短期内老化后可能会需要更换；还需要考虑材质与组件铝边框之间的异金属腐蚀问题，还要选择不影响铝边框表面电阻的材质以避免组件PID风险。

Method 3: For low angle rooftop photovoltaic modules, install a product called an automatic drainage and mud removal device to completely eliminate water accumulation and dust accumulation on the surface of photovoltaic modules with an angle of 3-15 degrees. Due to the use of rooftop ceilings, it is often inconvenient to climb up and maintain in the later stage. The selection of drainage and mud removal devices should consider the later stage of operation and maintenance, such as using efficient and long-life materials to avoid plastic products that may need to be replaced after short-term aging; It is also necessary to consider the issue of non-metallic corrosion between the material and the aluminum frame of the component, and to choose a material that does not affect the surface resistance of the aluminum frame to avoid the PID risk of the component.

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