在全球积极探索可持续能源发展道路的当下，分布式光伏发电宛如一颗璀璨新星，在能源领域迅速崛起，正深刻改变着传统的能源格局，为人类带来清洁、高效且灵活的能源新选择。​

At present, as the world actively explores the path of sustainable energy development, distributed photovoltaic power generation is like a brilliant new star, rapidly rising in the energy field and profoundly changing the traditional energy pattern, bringing clean, efficient, and flexible new energy choices to humanity. ​

分布式光伏发电的工作机制​

The working mechanism of distributed photovoltaic power generation

分布式光伏发电系统主要依托光电效应原理。在系统中，核心组件光伏电池组件宛如一个个能量收集器，当太阳光照射到其表面时，光子与电池内的半导体材料相互作用，激发出电子 - 空穴对。这些带电粒子在电场作用下定向移动，从而产生直流电。例如常见的单晶硅、多晶硅以及非晶硅光伏电池组件，都能高效地将太阳能转化为电能。产生的直流电随后被传输至直流汇流箱，在这里，多路直流电进行汇总，再统一送入直流配电柜进行初步的电力分配与调控。接着，并网逆变器发挥关键作用，它将直流电逆变为与电网频率、电压相匹配的交流电，以供建筑自身负载使用。当发电量超过建筑自身用电需求时，多余电力便通过连接电网实现余电上网；反之，当发电量不足时，则从电网获取电力补充，整个过程实现了发电用电的动态平衡调节。​

The distributed photovoltaic power generation system mainly relies on the principle of photoelectric effect. In the system, the core component photovoltaic cell module is like an energy harvester. When sunlight shines on its surface, photons interact with the semiconductor material inside the cell, exciting electron hole pairs. These charged particles move directionally under the action of an electric field, thereby generating direct current. For example, common monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, and amorphous silicon photovoltaic modules can efficiently convert solar energy into electrical energy. The generated DC power is then transmitted to the DC combiner box, where multiple channels of DC power are combined and sent to the DC distribution cabinet for preliminary power distribution and regulation. Next, grid connected inverters play a crucial role by converting DC power into AC power that matches the frequency and voltage of the grid, for use by the building's own loads. When the power generation exceeds the building's own electricity demand, the excess electricity is connected to the grid to achieve grid connection; On the contrary, when the power generation is insufficient, it is supplemented by electricity from the power grid, and the entire process achieves dynamic balance regulation of power generation and consumption. ​

分布式光伏发电的显著特性​

The significant characteristics of distributed photovoltaic power generation

小型化与灵活性：与动辄兆瓦级的大型集中式光伏电站不同，分布式光伏发电项目规模通常较小，常见的户用分布式光伏发电系统容量可能仅在几千瓦，而工商业分布式光伏发电项目一般也在数兆瓦以内。​

Miniaturization and flexibility: Unlike large centralized photovoltaic power plants that often reach the megawatt level, distributed photovoltaic power generation projects are usually smaller in scale. The capacity of common household distributed photovoltaic power generation systems may only be a few kilowatts, while industrial and commercial distributed photovoltaic power generation projects are generally within a few megawatts. ​

环保清洁无虞：在整个发电过程中，分布式光伏发电不涉及任何化石燃料的燃烧，因此不会产生诸如二氧化硫、氮氧化物、颗粒物等大气污染物，也不会排放温室气体二氧化碳，对空气和水均无任何污染，从源头上践行了绿色环保理念。以一个装机容量为 10 千瓦的户用分布式光伏发电系统为例，假设其年发电量为 12000 度，与同等发电量的火电相比，每年可减少约 9.6 吨二氧化碳排放，相当于种植了约 500 棵成年树木的碳汇效果。​

Environmentally friendly and clean: Throughout the entire power generation process, distributed photovoltaic power generation does not involve the combustion of any fossil fuels, so it does not produce air pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, etc., nor does it emit greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. It has no pollution to air and water, and practices the concept of green environmental protection from the source. Taking a household distributed photovoltaic power generation system with an installed capacity of 10 kilowatts as an example, assuming its annual power generation is 12000 kilowatt hours, compared with the same amount of thermal power generation, it can reduce about 9.6 tons of carbon dioxide emissions per year, which is equivalent to the carbon sequestration effect of planting about 500 adult trees. ​

用电模式多元化：分布式光伏发电具有独特的 “自发自用、余电上网” 模式。对于用户而言，白天光伏发电产生的电能优先满足自身生产生活用电需求，减少了对电网电力的依赖，有效降低了用电成本。而在用电低谷期产生的多余电量，则可输送至电网，为其他用户供电，用户还能因此获得相应的电费收益。这种发电用电并存的模式，既提升了能源利用效率，又为用户创造了额外的经济价值。

Diversified electricity consumption modes: Distributed photovoltaic power generation has a unique "spontaneous self use, surplus electricity grid connection" mode. For users, the electricity generated by photovoltaic power generation during the day prioritizes meeting their own production and living electricity needs, reducing their dependence on grid electricity and effectively reducing electricity costs. The excess electricity generated during periods of low electricity consumption can be transmitted to the grid to supply power to other users, who can also receive corresponding electricity revenue as a result. This mode of coexistence of power generation and electricity consumption not only improves energy utilization efficiency, but also creates additional economic value for users.

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