在全球积极应对气候变化、努力实现能源转型的大背景下，光伏发电作为一种清洁、可再生的能源获取方式，正以前所未有的速度蓬勃发展，逐渐成为能源领域的一颗璀璨明星。它凭借独特的优势，为人类社会的可持续发展带来了新的希望与可能。​

Against the backdrop of actively addressing climate change and striving to achieve energy transition globally, photovoltaic power generation, as a clean and renewable way of obtaining energy, is flourishing at an unprecedented speed and gradually becoming a shining star in the energy field. With its unique advantages, it has brought new hope and possibilities for the sustainable development of human society. ​

光伏发电的原理基于半导体的光电效应。最常见的光伏发电组件是由大量的硅基太阳能电池组成。硅是一种半导体材料，当太阳光照射到太阳能电池表面时，光子的能量被硅原子吸收，使硅原子中的电子获得足够能量，挣脱原子的束缚，从而产生电子 - 空穴对。在电池内部特殊的电场作用下，电子和空穴分别向相反方向移动，形成电流。多个太阳能电池通过串联和并联的方式连接在一起，就构成了太阳能电池板，能够输出满足不同需求的电压和电流，进而将太阳能高效地转化为电能。​

The principle of photovoltaic power generation is based on the photoelectric effect of semiconductors. The most common photovoltaic module is composed of a large number of silicon-based solar cells. Silicon is a semiconductor material. When sunlight shines on the surface of a solar cell, the energy of photons is absorbed by silicon atoms, allowing the electrons in the silicon atoms to gain enough energy to break free from the atomic constraints and produce electron hole pairs. Under the special electric field inside the battery, electrons and holes move in opposite directions, forming an electric current. Multiple solar cells are connected in series and parallel to form a solar panel, which can output voltage and current that meet different needs, and efficiently convert solar energy into electrical energy. ​

与传统能源相比，光伏发电具有诸多显著优势。首先，太阳能是一种取之不尽、用之不竭的清洁能源。太阳每天向地球辐射的能量极其巨大，远远超过人类目前的能源消耗总量。光伏发电过程中不产生温室气体排放，不会对大气环境造成污染，对于缓解全球气候变暖、改善空气质量具有重要意义。其次，光伏发电系统建设灵活，可根据实际需求进行规模调整。无论是大规模的太阳能电站，占地面积广阔，能够为城市电网提供大量电力；还是小型的分布式光伏发电装置，如安装在居民屋顶、工商业建筑屋顶的光伏板，都能就地发电、就地消纳，减少了电力传输过程中的损耗，提高了能源利用效率。再者，光伏发电系统运行稳定，维护成本相对较低。其核心部件太阳能电池板使用寿命较长，一般可达 25 年甚至更久，在正常运行过程中，除了定期的清洁和设备检查外，无需频繁更换零部件，降低了运营成本。

Compared with traditional energy sources, photovoltaic power generation has many significant advantages. Firstly, solar energy is an inexhaustible and clean energy source. The energy radiated by the sun to the Earth every day is extremely enormous, far exceeding the total energy consumption of humanity at present. The photovoltaic power generation process does not produce greenhouse gas emissions and does not cause pollution to the atmospheric environment, which is of great significance for mitigating global climate change and improving air quality. Secondly, the construction of photovoltaic power generation systems is flexible and can be adjusted in scale according to actual needs. Whether it is a large-scale solar power plant, it occupies a vast area and can provide a large amount of electricity for the urban power grid; Small distributed photovoltaic power generation devices, such as photovoltaic panels installed on residential roofs and industrial and commercial building roofs, can generate and consume electricity on-site, reducing losses during power transmission and improving energy efficiency. Furthermore, photovoltaic power generation systems operate stably and have relatively low maintenance costs. The core component of the solar panel has a long service life, generally up to 25 years or even longer. During normal operation, in addition to regular cleaning and equipment inspection, there is no need to frequently replace parts, which reduces operating costs.、

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