突然想起来前面给大家分享了很多光伏发电方面的知识，有兴趣学习风光储的都可以翻开去看看，前两天有几个电友问强哥，怎么没有最基础的光伏发电基本原理？然后小编去翻了翻，好像是没有，今天给大家补上，有不足之处，欢迎各位电友予以补充！

　　I suddenly remembered that I had shared a lot of knowledge about photovoltaic power generation with everyone earlier. Anyone interested in learning about wind and solar energy storage can open it up and take a look. A few days ago, a few netizens asked Qiang why there is no basic principle of photovoltaic power generation? Then Qiang went to look it up, but it seemed like there was none. Today, we will make up for it for everyone. If there are any shortcomings, we welcome all electronic friends to supplement them!

　　1.光伏发电的基本原理

　　1. Basic principles of photovoltaic power generation

　　从通俗的角度说其实就一句话，光伏发电的基本原理是通过光伏效应，将太阳能直接转换为电能。（是不是很多人会说强哥太敷衍了）。

　　In layman's terms, the basic principle of photovoltaic power generation is to directly convert solar energy into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. Many people may say that Qiang Ge is too perfunctory.

　　比较理论书面的讲呢，光伏发电利用太阳能电池中的半导体材料（如硅）实现光电转换。太阳光中的光子被半导体吸收，激发电子，从而形成电子-空穴对。在内置电场（PN结）的作用下，电子和空穴被分离并在外部电路中形成电流，进而输出电能。从下图就能非常直观的看出光伏发电的原理图

　　In written theory, photovoltaic power generation utilizes semiconductor materials (such as silicon) in solar cells to achieve photoelectric conversion. Photons in sunlight are absorbed by semiconductors, exciting electrons and forming electron hole pairs. Under the action of the built-in electric field (PN junction), electrons and holes are separated and form a current in the external circuit, thereby outputting electrical energy. The schematic diagram of photovoltaic power generation can be seen very intuitively from the following figure

　　2.光伏发电系统的基本原理又是什么？

　　What is the basic principle of photovoltaic power generation system?

　　光伏发电系统主要是由光伏组件，支架系统、逆变器、汇流箱、配电设备（如果高压并网还要升压站），电缆和连接器，接地和防雷系统等组成的。

　　The photovoltaic power generation system is mainly composed of photovoltaic modules, bracket systems, inverters, combiner boxes, distribution equipment (if high-voltage grid connection requires a booster station), cables and connectors, grounding and lightning protection systems, etc.

　　1）光伏组件：

　　1) Photovoltaic modules:

　　光伏组件种类主要分为：晶体硅光伏电池组件、非晶硅电池和薄膜光伏电池组件、数倍聚光太阳能电池组件。目前晶体硅仍是当前太阳能光伏电池的主流，主要分为多晶硅电池组件、单晶硅电池组件。

　　The types of photovoltaic modules are mainly divided into: crystalline silicon photovoltaic cell modules, amorphous silicon cells and thin film photovoltaic cell modules, and several times concentrated solar cell modules. At present, crystalline silicon is still the mainstream of solar photovoltaic cells, mainly divided into polycrystalline silicon cell modules and monocrystalline silicon cell modules.

　　基本原理：

　　Basic principle:

　　光伏组件是将太阳光能直接转变为直流电能的太阳能发电装置。太阳光照在半导体p-n结上，形成新的空穴-电子对，在p-n结电场的作用下，空穴由n区流向p区，电子由p区流向n区，接通电路后就形成电流。这就是光电效应太阳能电池的工作原理。

　　Photovoltaic modules are solar power generation devices that directly convert solar energy into direct current electricity. Sunlight shines on the p-n junction of a semiconductor, forming new hole electron pairs. Under the action of the p-n junction electric field, holes flow from the n region to the p region, and electrons flow from the p region to the n region. After the circuit is connected, a current is formed. This is the working principle of photoelectric effect solar cells.

　　光伏组件的特性：

　　Characteristics of photovoltaic modules:

　　a）随着温度的上升，短路电流上升，开路电压减小，转换效率降低。

　　a) As the temperature rises, the short-circuit current increases, the open circuit voltage decreases, and the conversion efficiency decreases.

　　b）温度的升高，可使硅材料的禁带宽度降低，电子具有更低的能量就可从价带越过禁带到达导带，短路电流会提高。

　　b) The increase in temperature can reduce the bandgap width of silicon materials, and electrons with lower energy can cross the bandgap from the valence band to the conduction band, resulting in an increase in short-circuit current.

　　c）温度的变化，影响最大的是开路电压。

　　c) The change in temperature has the greatest impact on the open circuit voltage.

　　d）辐照度对Isc的影响较大，对Voc的影响较小

　　d) The irradiance has a significant impact on Isc and a minor impact on Voc

　　e）通常可以近似认为辐照度与Isc成正比例关系

　　e) It can generally be approximated that irradiance is directly proportional to Isc

　　2、光伏汇流箱：

　　2. Photovoltaic combiner box:

　　在太阳能光伏发电系统中，为了减少太阳能光伏电池阵列与逆变器之间的连线使用到汇流箱。用户可以将一定数量、规格相同的光伏电池串联起来，组成一个个光伏串列，然后再将若干个光伏串列并联接入光伏汇流防雷箱，在光伏防雷汇流箱内汇流后，接入直流配电柜，光伏逆变器，交流配电柜，配套使用从而构成完整的光伏发电系统，实现与电网并网。

　　In the solar photovoltaic power generation system, a combiner box is used to reduce the connection between the solar photovoltaic cell array and the inverter. Users can connect a certain number and specifications of photovoltaic cells in series to form photovoltaic series, and then connect several photovoltaic series in parallel to the photovoltaic surge protection box. After converging in the photovoltaic surge protection box, they can be connected to the DC distribution cabinet, photovoltaic inverter, AC distribution cabinet, and used together to form a complete photovoltaic power generation system, achieving grid connection with the power grid.

　　智能防雷汇流箱组成

　　Composition of intelligent lightning protection combiner box

　　一、壳体

　　1、 Shell

　　二、直流熔断器

　　2、 DC fuse

　　三、直流断路器

　　3、 DC circuit breaker

　　四、光伏专用直流防雷模块、

　　4、 Photovoltaic dedicated DC lightning protection module

　　五、智能监控模块及电源模块

　　5、 Intelligent monitoring module and power module

　　汇流箱电气原理图

　　Electrical schematic diagram of combiner box

　　智能防雷汇流箱参数

　　Intelligent lightning protection combiner box parameters

　　1）满足室外安装的使用要求

　　1) Meet the usage requirements for outdoor installation

　　2）同时可接入16路太阳电池串列，每路电流最大可达15A(接入回路根据项目实际情况确定）

　　2) At the same time, it can connect 16 solar cell strings, with a maximum current of 15A per channel (the connection circuit will be determined according to the actual situation of the project)

　　3）接入最大组件串列的开路电压值可达DC1000V；

　　3) The open circuit voltage value connected to the maximum component string can reach DC1000V;

　　4）熔断器的耐压值不小于DC1000V；

　　4) The withstand voltage value of the fuse shall not be less than DC1000V;

　　5）配有光伏专用高压防雷器，正极负极都具备防雷功能；采用正负     极分别串联的四极断路器提高直流耐压值，可承受的直流电压值不小于DC1000V。

　　5) Equipped with photovoltaic dedicated high-voltage lightning arrester, both positive and negative poles have lightning protection function; A four pole circuit breaker with positive and negative poles connected in series is used to increase the DC withstand voltage, which can withstand a DC voltage value of not less than DC1000V.

　　6）汇流箱采用一体化智能测控系统，实现对16串列的电流，电压采集功率计算，并可采集防雷浪涌和断路器开关的状态量；

　　6) The combiner box adopts an integrated intelligent measurement and control system, which realizes the collection of current, voltage, and power calculation for 16 series, and can also collect lightning surge and circuit breaker switch status variables;

　　7）实现光伏阵列电流量的独立测量，数据精度≤0.5%

　　7) Realize independent measurement of photovoltaic array current with data accuracy ≤ 0.5%

　　3、逆变器（含直流配电柜）

　　3. Inverter (including DC distribution cabinet)

　　集中式光伏并网发电系统配置的直流防雷配电柜，安装在逆变器房内，主要是将汇流箱输出的直流电缆接入后进行二次汇流，再与并网逆变器连接，方便操作和维护，每500kW发电单元配备1台直流配电柜。

　　The DC lightning protection distribution cabinet configured for the centralized photovoltaic grid connected power generation system is installed in the inverter room. It is mainly used to connect the DC cables output from the combiner box for secondary combiner, and then connect them to the grid connected inverter for easy operation and maintenance. One DC distribution cabinet is equipped for every 500kW power generation unit.

　　其主要性能参数如下：

　　Its main performance parameters are as follows:

　　● 每一台直流防雷配电柜容量符合一台500kW逆变器的容量配置；

　　Each DC lightning protection distribution cabinet has a capacity that meets the capacity configuration of a 500kW inverter;

　　● 每个直流防雷配电柜具有至少8路直流输入接口，可接8台汇流箱；

　　Each DC lightning protection distribution cabinet has at least 8 DC input interfaces and can be connected to 8 combiner boxes;

　　● 每路直流输入侧都配有可分断的直流断路器（防反二极管）；

　　Each DC input side is equipped with a disconnectable DC circuit breaker (anti reverse diode);

　　● 直流母线输出侧都配置光伏专用防雷器；

　　The output side of the DC bus is equipped with photovoltaic specific lightning arresters;

　　● 直流母线输出侧配置直流电压显示表

　　DC voltage display table configured on the output side of the DC bus

　　3.1 逆变器：

　　3.1 Inverter:

　　目前市面上主流逆变器为两种：集中式逆变器和组串式逆变器

　　There are currently two mainstream inverters on the market: centralized inverters and string inverters

　　把将交流电能变换成直流电能的过程称为整流，把完成整流功能的电路称为整流电路，把实现整流过程的装置称为整流设备或整流器。与之相对应，把将直流电能变换成交流电能的过程称为逆变，把完成逆变功能的电路称为逆变电路，把实现逆变过程的装置称为逆变设备或逆变器。逆变器是光伏发电系统的核心设备。

　　The process of converting alternating current energy into direct current energy is called rectification, the circuit that completes the rectification function is called rectification circuit, and the device that implements the rectification process is called rectification equipment or rectifier. Correspondingly, the process of converting DC electrical energy into AC electrical energy is called an inverter, the circuit that completes the inverter function is called an inverter circuit, and the device that implements the inverter process is called an inverter device or inverter. Inverter is the core equipment of photovoltaic power generation system.

　　组串式逆变器：功率小于50KW，MPPT路数多，防护等级一般为IP65。体积较小，可室外臂挂式安装.

　　String inverter: power less than 50KW, multiple MPPT channels, and protection level generally IP65. Small in size, suitable for outdoor arm hanging installation

　　集中式逆变器：设备功率在250KW到630KW之间，功率器件采用大电流IGBT，一般为2路MPPT，防护等级一般为IP20。体积较大，室内立式安装。

　　Centralized inverter: The equipment power is between 250KW and 630KW, and the power device adopts high current IGBT, usually with 2 MPPT channels, and the protection level is generally IP20. Large volume, vertically installed indoors.

　　3.2 逆变器的主要构造

　　3.2 Main Structure of Inverter

　　主要参数、系统构成和主回路拓扑 、直流输入部分、逆变部分（IGBT模块和驱动器）、 LC（LCL）滤波器和交流输出、二次电路、 控制和保护、 散热、 机柜

　　Main parameters, system composition and main circuit topology, DC input part, inverter part (IGBT module and driver), LC (LCL) filter and AC output, secondary circuit, control and protection, heat dissipation, cabinet

　　3.3、主拓扑电路（电路结构）

　　3.3. Main topology circuit (circuit structure)

　　4、光伏支架系统大家可以学习一下：

　　4. You can learn about the photovoltaic bracket system:

　　光伏！什么是光伏支架？

　　Photovoltaic! What is a photovoltaic bracket?

　　什么是光伏支架，光伏支架基础又是什么？

　　What is a photovoltaic bracket and what is the foundation of a photovoltaic bracket?

　　光伏丨什么是柔性光伏支架？

　　What is a flexible photovoltaic bracket?

　　5.配电设备，监控系统，还有接地系统，防雷等内容给大家在下期分享了，写的太多，大家看的辛苦！

　　5. I will share with you in the next issue about power distribution equipment, monitoring systems, grounding systems, lightning protection, and other related topics. I have written too much about them, and you have worked hard to read them!

　　本文由 光伏发电  友情奉献.更多有关的知识请点击    http://www.zdnygf.com  真诚的态度.为您提供为全面的服务.更多有关的知识我们将会陆续向大家奉献.敬请期待.

　　This article is a friendly contribution from photovoltaic power generation. For more related knowledge, please click http://www.zdnygf.com Sincere attitude. We provide you with comprehensive services. We will gradually contribute more relevant knowledge to everyone. Please stay tuned