工业用电往往伴随大量能源消耗和碳排放。产业园区用电大户，通过厂房屋顶光伏，可以让能源更加绿色，也可减少用电成本，并将多余电量销售给电网从中获益。国家鼓励并支持屋顶等分布式光伏发电项目采用“自发自用，余量上网”模式接入电网。其投资回报直接影响着光伏建设的动力与效率。那么，园区屋顶光伏如何建，才能提高新能源比例？该如何提高新能源的实际利用率？

　　Industrial electricity often comes with significant energy consumption and carbon emissions. Large electricity users in industrial parks can use rooftop photovoltaics to make energy more green, reduce electricity costs, and benefit from selling excess electricity to the grid. The state encourages and supports rooftop distributed photovoltaic power generation projects to adopt the "self use, surplus grid connection" mode to connect to the power grid. The return on investment directly affects the power and efficiency of photovoltaic construction. So, how to build rooftop photovoltaics in the park to increase the proportion of new energy? How to improve the actual utilization rate of new energy?

　　有效利用屋顶

　　Effectively utilizing the roof

　　提高新能源比例，要有效利用屋顶资源。国务院2021年发布的《2030年前碳达峰行动方案的通知》指出，到2025年，新建厂房屋顶光伏覆盖率力争达到50%。

　　To increase the proportion of new energy, it is necessary to effectively utilize rooftop resources. The Notice on the Action Plan for Carbon Peak before 2030 issued by the State Council in 2021 states that by 2025, the coverage rate of photovoltaic on the roofs of newly built factories should strive to reach 50%.

　　而闵行开发区自有厂房可安装光伏面积约10万平方。该园区计划从2022年起，新建工业厂房力争屋顶安装光伏面积比例不低于60%，已建设施按上述标准改造，力争2025年前改造50%。

　　The self owned factory buildings in Minhang Development Zone can install photovoltaic systems with an area of approximately 100000 square meters. Starting from 2022, the park plans to construct new industrial plants with a minimum rooftop photovoltaic installation area of 60%. Existing facilities will be renovated according to the above standards, with the goal of renovating 50% by 2025.

　　ABB、西门子、米其林和三菱电梯等4家企业，其位于闵行开发区内的零碳工厂或绿色工厂，电能均是用能的大头，也是碳排放主要来源。其中3家企业的厂房屋顶光伏发电可达到工厂整体用电的10%至30%。但园区可利用的屋顶有限。比如，三菱电梯可利用光伏的屋顶面积约占整个厂区屋顶的50%，即使全部采用光伏发电，也只能满足工厂整体用能需求的10%。

　　Four companies, ABB, Siemens, Michelin, and Mitsubishi Elevator, have zero carbon or green factories located in Minhang Development Zone, where electricity is the main source of energy consumption and carbon emissions. Three of the companies' rooftop photovoltaic power generation can reach 10% to 30% of the overall electricity consumption of the factory. But the available roofs in the park are limited. For example, Mitsubishi elevators can utilize photovoltaic roof area, which accounts for about 50% of the entire factory roof area. Even if all photovoltaic power generation is used, it can only meet 10% of the overall energy demand of the factory.

　　加大屋顶安装光伏覆盖面积，还要让屋顶承重符合条件。调研发现，作为建成近40年的园区，闵行开发区的一些厂房屋顶承重不够，难以满足光伏铺设要求。为此，企业加固了原有建筑屋顶，并选择更轻的光伏组件。另外，光伏停车棚等方案也被纳入考虑。

　　Increase the coverage area of photovoltaic installation on the roof and ensure that the roof load-bearing capacity meets the requirements. Research has found that as a park built nearly 40 years ago, some factory roofs in Minhang Development Zone do not have sufficient load-bearing capacity to meet the requirements for photovoltaic installation. To this end, the company reinforced the original building roof and chose lighter photovoltaic modules. In addition, solutions such as photovoltaic parking sheds have also been considered.

　　近期，该园区最大的上海凯士比泵光伏发电项目，一期3.9万平方米面积光伏完成安装并网，覆盖厂区60%的屋顶面积，预计25年合约期内太阳能发电总量可达1.3亿千瓦时，每年可减少约2610吨二氧化碳排放。

　　Recently, the largest Shanghai Kaisibi Pump Photovoltaic Power Generation Project in the park has completed the installation and grid connection of 39000 square meters of photovoltaic power in the first phase, covering 60% of the roof area of the factory. It is expected that the total solar power generation during the 25 year contract period will reach 130 million kilowatt hours, reducing about 2610 tons of carbon dioxide emissions annually.

　　提高光伏发电自用率

　　Improve the self use rate of photovoltaic power generation

　　《国务院关于促进光伏产业健康发展的若干意见》要求，鼓励各类电力用户按照“自发自用，余量上网，电网调节”的方式建设分布式光伏发电系统。

　　The "Several Opinions of the State Council on Promoting the Healthy Development of the Photovoltaic Industry" requires that all types of power users be encouraged to build distributed photovoltaic power generation systems in the form of "self use, surplus grid connection, and grid regulation".

　　重要的是新能源怎么使用。调研企业光伏项目建设运营负责人董事称，企业在长期运营光伏中发现，光伏发电自用率越高，投资回报越大。由于光伏余量上网电价低于从电网买电的电价，企业若能提高自发自用率，会让光伏发电更为“划算”，进而提高建设光伏的积极性。

　　What's important is how to use new energy. The director in charge of the construction and operation of photovoltaic projects in a research enterprise stated that in the long-term operation of photovoltaics, the company has found that the higher the self use rate of photovoltaic power generation, the greater the investment return. Due to the fact that the on grid electricity price for photovoltaic surplus is lower than the electricity price for purchasing electricity from the grid, if enterprises can increase their self consumption rate, it will make photovoltaic power generation more "cost-effective" and thus increase their enthusiasm for building photovoltaics.

　　比如，一家调研企业，过去接近一半用电负荷不能享受光伏发电，通过一系列投资和相关举措，2019年并网发电后，工厂光伏发电自用率达80%左右。投资回报方面，该企业从2018年开始，投资1200万元左右用于光伏建设项目，近5年内节省费用约700万元，投资回报周期远低于预期的10年。

　　For example, a research company found that in the past, nearly half of its electricity load could not enjoy photovoltaic power generation. Through a series of investments and related measures, after grid connected power generation in 2019, the factory's photovoltaic power generation self use rate reached about 80%. In terms of investment return, the company has invested around 12 million yuan in photovoltaic construction projects since 2018, saving about 7 million yuan in costs in the past 5 years. The investment return period is much lower than the expected 10 years.

　　那么，光伏发电自用率为何难以提高？董事认为，要让所有用电负荷都能用到光伏发电，其最大限制在于，考虑安全冗余，大多数企业变压器负荷控制在30%-50%。光伏用电会大大增加原有变压器的负荷，甚至可能超出额定负荷。因此自发自用率难以提高。

　　So, why is it difficult to increase the self use rate of photovoltaic power generation? The directors believe that in order to enable all electrical loads to use photovoltaic power generation, the biggest limitation is to consider safety redundancy, with most enterprise transformer loads controlled at 30% -50%. Photovoltaic power consumption will greatly increase the load of existing transformers, and may even exceed the rated load. Therefore, it is difficult to increase the spontaneous self use rate.

　　为此，有调研企业主要从用电较大的空调系统入手。一是通过节能改造提高空调设备效率，使其额定功率轻量化；二是电机变频化，通过集中自动控制系统，让空调设备根据天气情况调整使用功率；三是除了天气变化，空调设备还要根据变压器负荷余量调整使用功率，比如将变压器最高使用参数设为80%，当检测达到这一数值时，中央空调冷站就降低使用功率。还可通过电气化的办法，比如，将厨房天然气炉改为电炉，也可提高光伏发电自用率。

　　For this reason, some research companies mainly focus on air conditioning systems with high electricity consumption. One is to improve the efficiency of air conditioning equipment through energy-saving renovation, making its rated power lightweight; The second is motor frequency conversion, which adjusts the power consumption of air conditioning equipment according to weather conditions through a centralized automatic control system; Thirdly, in addition to weather changes, air conditioning equipment also needs to adjust its power consumption based on the remaining load of the transformer. For example, setting the maximum operating parameter of the transformer to 80%, when this value is detected, the central air conditioning cold station will reduce its power consumption. Electrification methods can also be used, such as replacing kitchen natural gas stoves with electric stoves, to increase the self use rate of photovoltaic power generation.

　　实际上，提高光伏发电自用率不仅能提高投资回报，提升新能源实际利用效率，还一定程度上促进节能降碳。

　　In fact, increasing the self use rate of photovoltaic power generation can not only improve investment returns and enhance the actual utilization efficiency of new energy, but also promote energy conservation and carbon reduction to a certain extent.

　　与园区光伏匹配的其他设施

　　Other facilities that match the photovoltaic system in the park

　　园区光伏在白天发电，而用户一般在夜间也有负荷，配置储能可以更好地利用其电能。目前，多地对分布式光伏提出配套建设储能的要求。

　　The photovoltaic system in the park generates electricity during the day, while users generally have loads at night. Configuring energy storage can better utilize its electrical energy. At present, many regions have put forward requirements for supporting the construction of energy storage for distributed photovoltaics.

　　浙江是工商业光伏新增装机比例较高的省份。2023年8月，浙江金华发布《金东区加快用户侧储能建设的实施意见》，要求新建设的非居民分布式光伏发电项目原则上按照装机容量10%以上配建储能系统。而江苏、山东、河北、河南等省份也陆续出台了分布式光伏配储的政策文件。

　　Zhejiang is a province with a relatively high proportion of newly installed industrial and commercial photovoltaic capacity. In August 2023, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province issued the "Implementation Opinions on Accelerating User Side Energy Storage Construction in Jindong District", requiring newly constructed non residential distributed photovoltaic power generation projects to be equipped with energy storage systems with an installed capacity of more than 10% in principle. And provinces such as Jiangsu, Shandong, Hebei, and Henan have also successively issued policy documents for distributed photovoltaic storage.

　　微电网也成为调研企业在光伏建设方面的探索。微电网能实现源网荷储的灵活控制，追求源和荷就地平衡，在无电地区实现可靠供电、提高城市能源综合利用效率等方面，都有较高应用价值。国家发改委和国家能源局发布的《关于推进电力源网荷储一体化和多能互补发展的指导意见》中提出，在工业负荷大、新能源条件好的地区，支持分布式电源开发建设和就近接入消纳，结合增量配电网等工作，开展源网荷储一体化绿色供电园区建设。闵行开发区也计划，加大“新能源+储能”、源网荷储一体化等新兴技术试点示范。

　　Microgrids have also become an exploration for research companies in the field of photovoltaic construction. Microgrids can achieve flexible control of source grid load storage, pursue on-site balance of source and load, achieve reliable power supply in areas without electricity, and improve the comprehensive utilization efficiency of urban energy, all of which have high application value. The Guiding Opinions on Promoting the Integration of Power Source Grid Load Storage and Multi Energy Complementary Development, issued by the National Development and Reform Commission and the National Energy Administration, propose to support the development and construction of distributed power sources and nearby access and consumption in areas with high industrial loads and good new energy conditions, and to carry out the construction of green power supply parks integrating source grid load storage in conjunction with incremental distribution networks. Minhang Development Zone also plans to increase pilot demonstrations of emerging technologies such as "new energy+energy storage" and integrated source grid load storage.

　　工商业屋顶是城市光伏的重要应用场景。园区屋顶光伏建设，需要提高绿色能源利用率，带动园区能源结构的优化。无论采取何种手段，投资回报依然是需要考虑的核心问题。为此，企业需要更多创新举措和探索空间，也需要推广可复制的模式，降低园区光伏建设和运营成本。

　　Industrial and commercial roofs are important application scenarios for urban photovoltaics. The construction of rooftop photovoltaics in the park requires improving the utilization rate of green energy and driving the optimization of the park's energy structure. No matter what measures are taken, investment return remains a core issue that needs to be considered. For this reason, enterprises need more innovative measures and exploration space, as well as the promotion of replicable models to reduce the construction and operation costs of photovoltaic projects in the park.

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