一、采用哪种安装形式

1、 Which installation form to use

不同的屋顶安装光伏组件的方法也不一样，常见的安装方式包括附加型、压载型及桩基型。

The method of installing photovoltaic modules on different roofs also varies, and common installation methods include additional type, ballast type, and pile foundation type.

如果屋顶属于彩钢瓦型式，一般都考虑附加型，直接将组件平铺在彩钢瓦上，尤其是一般彩钢瓦屋顶都没有女儿墙，采用平铺的型式防风效果好，为安全；另外彩钢瓦屋顶也有一定的倾角，虽然可能不是光伏发电对应的佳倾角，但加大倾角带来的改造成本也是需要综合考量的。

If the roof belongs to the color steel tile type, additional types are generally considered, and the components are directly laid flat on the color steel tile. Especially for general color steel tile roofs that do not have parapets, using a flat type has a good windproof effect for safety; In addition, the color steel tile roof also has a certain inclination angle. Although it may not be the optimal inclination angle for photovoltaic power generation, the cost of renovation caused by increasing the inclination angle also needs to be comprehensively considered.

对于水泥屋顶，通常是纯平，常见的安装方式是压载型和混凝土基础桩基型，如上图所示。

For cement roofs, they are usually flat, and the common installation methods are compression type and concrete foundation pile foundation type, as shown in the above figure.

很多时候，建筑物业主不允许在混凝土平屋顶上钻孔，一方面是担心老建筑的强度，或者是不想改变屋顶的防水性能。这就是选择压载型或混凝土基础安装的原因。

Many times, building owners are not allowed to drill holes on concrete flat roofs because they are concerned about the strength of the old building or do not want to change the waterproof performance of the roof. This is the reason for choosing ballast type or concrete foundation installation.

压载型由于没有和屋顶做锚固连接，因此侧面可以考虑做防风处理，尤其是没有女儿墙的水泥屋顶。

Due to the lack of anchoring connection with the roof, the side of the ballast type can be considered for windproof treatment, especially for cement roofs without parapets.

混凝土基座的主要目的是确保即使在暴风雨季节，支架系统也能保持完好无损。它保证了良好的安装而不会导致屋顶漏水，还可以提高太阳能电池组件的效率，减少女儿墙对阳光的遮挡。

The main purpose of a concrete foundation is to ensure that the support system remains intact even during stormy seasons. It ensures good installation without causing roof leakage, and can also improve the efficiency of solar cell modules, reducing the obstruction of sunlight by parapets.

二、平屋顶不代表平铺安装

2、 Flat roof does not mean flat installation

在平屋顶上采用平铺方式安装光伏组件，似乎是想当然的方式，不仅安装量/面积可以大化，还有可能将光伏作为屋顶顶棚使用，增加空间面积。

Installing photovoltaic modules on a flat roof using a tiled method seems to be a presumptuous approach. Not only can the installation volume/area be maximized, but it is also possible to use photovoltaic modules as roof ceilings, increasing the space area.

但事实上，在平屋顶上安装光伏，并不意味着您还应该将其倾斜度设置为0度，我们需要考虑很多因素，应避免平装，包括：

But in fact, installing photovoltaics on a flat roof does not mean that you should also set its inclination to 0 degrees. We need to consider many factors and avoid flat installation, including:

l 平铺组件容易积灰，积灰可能造成10％甚至30%的发电量损失；

Flat components are prone to dust accumulation, which can cause a 10% or even 30% loss of power generation;

l 清洗更不方便，积水不易流出；

Cleaning is more inconvenient and stagnant water is less likely to flow out;

l 与倾斜安装相比，发电量将减少；

Compared to inclined installation, the power generation will be reduced;

l 投资回报期将更长；

The investment return period will be longer;

l 可能无法靠自然降雨来去除积灰；

It may not be possible to rely on natural rainfall to remove accumulated dust;

倾斜安装和纯平铺的光伏阵列发电量会有明显的不同，通过对一个11.2kWp太阳能系统进行仿真模拟，倾角分别为10度、5度和0度。

There will be significant differences in the power generation between tilted and pure flat photovoltaic arrays. By simulating a 11.2kWp solar system, the tilt angles are 10 degrees, 5 degrees, and 0 degrees, respectively.

仿真结果表明，如果倾角为0度，则11.2kWp系统年发电量约为13,480.3kWh，而在5度倾角下，该系统一年发电量达到14,066.9kWh。而事实上，当倾角为10度时，该系统年发电量达到14,520kWh。

The simulation results show that if the inclination angle is 0 degrees, the annual power generation of the 11.2kWp system is about 13480.3kWh, while at a 5 degree inclination angle, the annual power generation of the system reaches 14066.9kWh. In fact, when the inclination angle is 10 degrees, the annual power generation of the system reaches 14520kWh.

从结果中可以看出，每增加5度，系统每年增加500kWh的发电量（15度后，增加量会明显减少，超过佳倾角后反而会更低）。而且，上述仿真模拟还没有考虑低倾角安装时由于积灰而造成的发电量损失。

From the results, it can be seen that for every 5 degree increase, the system generates an annual increase of 500kWh of electricity (after 15 degrees, the increase will significantly decrease, and even lower after exceeding the optimal inclination angle). Moreover, the above simulation has not taken into account the power generation loss caused by ash accumulation during low inclination installation.

建议如果不愿意采用佳倾角来安装的话，安装倾角尽可能还是高一些。如果必须平铺，建议也将倾角设计在5-10度之间。对于平屋顶来说，5-10度的角度也已经足够平了，而对于彩钢瓦屋顶来说，一般都会留有3度以上的角度，相比增加倾角的额外成本来说，顺其自然、随坡就势也是很好的选择。

It is recommended that if you are not willing to use the best angle for installation, the installation angle should be as high as possible. If it is necessary to lay flat, it is recommended to also design the inclination angle between 5-10 degrees. For a flat roof, an angle of 5-10 degrees is already sufficient, while for a color steel tile roof, an angle of more than 3 degrees is generally left. Compared to the additional cost of increasing the inclination angle, letting nature take its course and following the slope is also a good choice.

三、平屋顶安装必须考虑风速

3、 Flat roof installation must consider wind speed

在太阳能系统的设计阶段，必须考虑当地可能出现的大风速，尤其是在风速超过每小时180公里的地区。

In the design phase of solar systems, it is necessary to consider the possible high wind speeds in the local area, especially in areas with wind speeds exceeding 180 kilometers per hour.

普通的平屋顶太阳能发电系统可以承受160 km / h（十三级台风）的风速，但如果没有女儿墙挡风，阵列间没有考虑防风，局部区域因气流而造成的瞬间风速会远远超过实际的风速。

A regular flat roof solar power generation system can withstand wind speeds of 160 km/h (a Category 13 typhoon), but without parapet walls for wind protection and without considering wind protection between arrays, the instantaneous wind speed caused by airflow in local areas will far exceed the actual wind speed.

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Thank you for reading. The source of this article is: Industrial and Commercial Photovoltaic Power Generation. For more information and questions, please click: http://www.zdnygf.com We will continue to work hard to provide you with services. Thank you for your support!